COVID-19 Immune Pathology
As we all
know, since December of 2019, the Coronaviruss has played an enormous impact on
how our whole world has been operating. Ever since the outbreak the world has been
flipped upside down, it started with a lot of news coverage on what is
happening in China, then the virus hit America like a rock and quickly spread
across the country. Things immediately began to change, shops and businesses began
to shut down; then, everyone started to panic when everyone has been required
to quarantine themselves and bought all the toilet paper.
When the quarantine requirement began, the stores started to look like something out of an apocalypse movie, a lot of shelves were wiped clean of all cleaning supplies as well as other hygiene products. Most people this that this form of the Coronavirus is the first of its kind, but in the past, there have been different types of this virus. The definition of a coronavirus is “any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19.”
When the quarantine requirement began, the stores started to look like something out of an apocalypse movie, a lot of shelves were wiped clean of all cleaning supplies as well as other hygiene products. Most people this that this form of the Coronavirus is the first of its kind, but in the past, there have been different types of this virus. The definition of a coronavirus is “any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19.”
The Government
has recommended that to help prevent the spread of COVID-19, everyone should:
· Clean
your hands often, either with soap and water for 20 seconds or a hand sanitizer
that contains at least 60% alcohol.
· Avoid
close contact with people who are sick.
· Stay
at home as much as possible.
· Put
distance between yourself and other people (at least 6 feet).
· Cover
your mouth and nose with a cloth face cover when around others.
· Cover
your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash.
· Clean
and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces daily
Coronaviruses
are a type of highly contagious viruses. There are many different kinds, like
SARS, which appeared in 2002 in China.
It spread worldwide in a short period of a few months, though it was quickly
contained. SARS is a virus spread through droplets that enter the air when
someone with the disease coughs, sneezes, or speaks like COVID-19. A newly identified type has caused a recent
outbreak of respiratory illness now called COVID-19.
Covid-19 is a virus that
presents features of cough and fever subacutely progress to respiratory
distress and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Coronaviruses are
spherical. Their most prominent feature is club-like projections on the virus
surface, which are referred to as “spikes.” The virus membrane contains four
structural components, the spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid protein. Coronaviruses are highly prevalent animal
pathogens with a broad host range. Overall, thousands of species of
coronaviruses are known. Currently, seven CoVs are recognized as human
pathogens. The family of Coronaviridae is divided into two subfamilies,
Coronavirinae and Torovirinae. Coronavirinae includes the genera Alpha-,
Betacoronaviruses, infecting only mammals, and Gamma-, and Deltacoronaviruses,
which affect both mammals and birds. The potential of Toroviruses to cause
disease in humans is unknown.
This article goes into depth about
the immune pathologies of the Coronavirus and other forms of the virus and how
we are trying to look for a cure or a way to prevent the virus in the future. The familiarCoronaviruss
SARS-CoV2 causes COVID-19, a pandemic threatening millions. As
protective immunity doesn’t exist in humans, and the virus is capable of
escaping innate immune responses, it can generate, unhindered, in
primarily infected tissues. Following, cell death results in the release
of virus particles and intracellular components to the extracellular space, which
results in immune cell recruitment, which is the generation of immune complexes
and associated damage. The infection of monocytes or macrophages and the recruitment
of uninfected immune cells can result in massive inflammatory responses later
in the illness. Unrestrained production of pro-inflammatory mediators
contributes to ARDS and cytokine storm syndrome. Antiviral agents and
immune-modulating treatments are currently being trialed. Realizing immune
evasion strategies of SARS-CoV2 and the resulting delayed massive immune
response will result in the pinpointing of biomarkers that predict outcomes as
well as phenotype and disease stage-specific treatments that will likely
include both antiviral and immune-modulating agents.
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